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Volume 7, No. 3 |
Promoting Cooperation to Maintain and Enhance
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Fall 2003 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The invisible enemy By Hanna Goss Most people realize that turning off the lights when they leave a room will save money on their electric bill, but they might not realize this also may help the environment. Increasing this awareness and sharing other ways that people can limit the amount of nitrogen they put in the atmosphere are part of a Massachusetts National Estuarine Research Reserves efforts to improve water quality. For years, says Christine Gault, manager of the Waquoit Bay Reserve, weve been working on the sources of nitrogen loadingwastewater and fertilizersbut we never addressed atmospheric deposition because people kept saying, We cant do anything about it. A couple of years ago, I said, Wait a minute. Were never going to make any progress on this issue unless we address that source.
They have even made changes to their building and energy use policies to act as a role model for other organizations. It comes from above For the United States as a whole, atmospheric deposition of nitrogen probably contributes 40 percent of the nitrogen that reaches coastal rivers and bays. The rate of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in southeastern New England is among the highest in North America. The commonly recognized sources of nitrogen in the atmosphere are smokestacks and tailpipes, and by the time it reaches coastal waters, atmospheric nitrogen falls invisibly in raindrops, dust or simply due to gravity. Atmospheric nitrogen, however, has the same impact on water quality as the more common sources of nitrogenagriculture, faulty septic tanks and lawn and garden fertilizers. It doesnt matter what the source, nitrogen changes the coastal ecosystem, Gault explains. Basically, youre just fertilizing the algae and phytoplankton. A lush growth of algae outcompetes eelgrass, which serves as nursery grounds for many fish and other aquatic species; depletes oxygen, killing marine life; increases the incidences and duration of harmful algal blooms; and lowers species diversity. In addition to degrading coastal water quality, atmospheric nitrogen is a contributing factor in climate change. One of the challenges in reducing atmospheric nitrogen is that the emissions from fossil-fuel-burning power plants and other industry smokestacks can often travel hundreds of miles. For instance, much of the atmospheric nitrogen in New England originates from power plants in mid-Atlantic and Midwestern states. Most people have heard of a watershed, Gault says, but were talking about an airshed. If the power plant thats impacting us is in Ohio, what are we going to be able to do to affect that? Gaults response is, Plenty. Applying the science Waquoit Bay is addressing atmospheric deposition using the two primary tenets of the National Estuarine Research Reserve Systemresearch and education. One of the things we knew early from the research is that growing trees intercept nitrogen from the atmosphere, Gault says. In 1995, the reserve began working with eight partners, which include state and federal agencies, municipalities, an American Indian tribe and nonprofits, to acquire land in the reserves watershed to maintain a forest buffer. So far, the group has purchased 1,600 acres. The reserve also has distributed two science and policy bulletins on atmospheric nitrogen geared toward coastal decision makers. Research reserves are all about research and translating that to coastal decision makers and the public to get better coastal management, Gault notes. Climate change is a huge umbrella issue, Gault says. Sea level rise, ocean warming impacting corals and fisheries, coastal erosiona number of coastal management issues could be dealt with under that umbrella. Working with a variety of partners, the reserve offers courses to help homeowners create a green home, and to look at alternative energy cars. Training is provided to area homebuilders on smart growth practices and energy efficient construction. The reserve is a partner in an effort to help school districts lower their energy consumption by educating their staff that simple acts like turning off lights when not needed, shutting off appliances and computers when not in use, and lowering the thermostat at night can help lower emissions. She points out that two school districts on Cape Cod have saved over $250,000 in energy costs and reduced their emissions over the last two years primarily using those simple measures. The reserve also is offering teacher training on climate change and renewable energy, and is helping educators incorporate these topics into Massachusetts curriculum frameworks. Gault notes that staff also have worked hard to reduce the reserves emissions. A gas-powered truck was traded in for an electric one. The 1883 16-room summer cottage that is now the reserves offices was retrofitted with new storm windows and insulation. An energy audit on all reserve buildings resulted in old French doors being replaced, the conversion of the heating system from oil to natural gas, and moving heating ducts to insulated space. Ceiling fans are being used instead of air conditioning. Weve really tried to do quite a bit to our own buildings, Gault says. Were trying to set the example. She adds, If we start using alternative energy and making people conscious of energy efficiency, we can become a model. If we can do it here, people can do it in Ohio and Indianaanywhere. Its important that we show people how to do it differently. |