Gulf of Maine: Council on the Marine Environment

The Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) database is comprised of information related to MPAs from a variety of perspectives. Phase 1 of the database consists of a searchable bibliography containing published and non-published materials on MPAs in the Gulf of Maine region and around the world. The bibliography will enable scientists, managers, resource users, and students to find relevant information by subject and region within the field of marine protection.

How To Use This Bibliography

Adding A Citation

If you want to add a citation or make a change to any part of the Bibliography, simply email your request to info@gulfofmaine.org.

MPAs Bibliography Table of Contents

General

Legal Issues

Community & Indigenous Involvement

International Issues & Global Initiatives

General
World Heritage Convention
Biosphere Reserve Program

General
Gulf of Maine
Canada
United States
Caribbean
Mediterranean
Australia & the Great Barrier Reef
New Zealand

General

Agardy, M.T. 1990. Multiple Use Planning For Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in the Caribbean. Woods Hole, MA: WHOI.

Agardy, T. and J. Pernetta. 1992. A preliminary assessment of biodiversity and conservation for coastal and marine ecosystems in Papua New Guinea. In: Papua New Guinea Needs Assessment. Washington, DC: Biodiversity Support Program., US Agency for International Development, Vol. 2: 381-421.

Agardy, T. 1993. The beautiful and the bizarre: An unparalleled diversity. In The Oceans. Ed. Silcock. New York: Crescent Books.

Agardy, M.T. 1994a. Advances in marine conservation: the role of protected areas. Trends In Ecology and Evolution 9(7): 267-270.

Agardy, M.T., ed. 1994b. The science of conservation in the coastal zone: new insights on how to design, implement and monitor marine protected areas. A marine conservation and development report. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Agardy, Tundi Spring. 1997. Marine Protected Areas and Ocean Conservation. USA: R.G. Landes Company & Academic Press.

Alder, J. 1996. Have tropical marine protected areas worked? an initial analysis of their success. Coastal Management 24: 97-114.

Alexander, L.M. 1993. Large marine ecosystems. A new focus for marine resources management. Marine Policy 17(3): 186-198.

Allen, R. 1976. Urgent need: a global system of marine parks and reserves. Parks 1(3): 1-3.

Angel, M. 1992. Managing biodiversity in the oceans. In Diversity of Oceanic Life: An Evaluative Review. Edited by M.N.A. Peterson. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Bakus, G.J. 1983. The selection and management of coral reef preserves. Ocean Management 8:305-316.

Ballantine, W.J. 1994. The practicality and benefits of a marine reserve network. In Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation. Ed. Gimbel. Washington, DC: Center for Marine Conservation and World Wildlife Fund US.

Ballantine, W.J. 1995. Networks of "no-take" marine reserves are practical and necessary. In Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Edited by Nancy Shackell and J.H.M. Willison. Wolfville, Nova Scotia: Science and Management of Protected Areas Association: 13-20.

Bjorklund, M. I. 1974. Achievements in marine conservation: international marine parks. Env. Cons. 1(3): 205-223.

Bohnsack, J.A. 1993. Marine reserves: They enhance fisheries, reduce conflicts, and protect resources. Oceanus 36(3): 63-71.

Bohnsack, James and Jerald Ault. 1996. Management Strategies To Conserve Marine Biodiversity. Oceanography 9(1): 73-81.

Brunckhorst, D.J. and P.B. Bridgewater. 1994. Marine bioregional planning: a strategic framework for identifying marine reserve networks, and planning sustainable use and management. In Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Edited by Nancy Shackell and J.H.M. Willison. Wolfville, Nova Scotia: Science and Management of Protected Areas Association:

Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA). 1994. Annex E: Guidelines for protected areas management categories. Hull, Quebec: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Craik, W., R. Kenchington and G. Kelleher. 1990. Coral reef management. In Ecosystems of the World. Ed. Dubinsky. Vol. 25: 453466.

Dahl, A.L. 1985. The challenge of conserving and managing coral reef ecosystems. UNEP Regional Seas Rep. 69: 85-87.

Davis, D.S. 1994. A Systems approach to the identification of marine protected areas. In Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Edited by N. Shackell, and J.H.M. Willison. Wolfville: Science and Management of Protected Areas Association.

Dearden, P. 1988. Protected areas and the boundary model: Mears Island and Pacific Rim National Park. Geographica 32(3):256-265.

Dobbin, J.A. 1976. Planning, Design, and Management of Marine Parks and Reserves. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.

Earle, S.A. 1993. Sanctuary. Marine Sanctuary 1(1):4-7.

Earll, R.C., ed. 1994. Marine Environmental Management: Review of events in 1993 and future trends. Kemply, Gloucestershire: Candle Cottage.

Ehler, C.N. and D.J. Basta 1993. Integrated management of coastal areas and marine sanctuaries. Oceanus 36(3): 6-14.

Ehrenfeld, D. 1988. Why put a value on biodiversity? In Biodiversity Edited by E.O. Wilson and F.M. Peter. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Eichbaum, W.M., M.P. Crosby, M.T. Agardy and S.A. Laskin. 1996. The Role of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas In the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity. Oceanography 9(1): 60-70.

Esping, L.E. 1990. The establishment of marine reserves. In: Proceedings of the International seminar on the Protection of Sensitive Sea Areas: Malmo, Sweden: IMO: 378-386.

Ferreras, J. 1987. Protected coastal areas: Samana Bay. Proceedings of a Workshop on management and planning of protected tropical coastal areas, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

Firth, A. and B. Ferrari. 1992. Archaeology and marine protected areas. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21(1): 67-74.

Fiske, S.J. 1992. Sociocultural aspects of establishing marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management: 18: 25-46.

Foster, N. and M.H. LeMay, eds. 1989. Managing marine protected areas: an action plan. Department of State Publication 9673. Washington: Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State.

Gaudian, G. and M. Richmond. 1990. Mafia Island Marine Park Project. The People's Trust for Endangered Species. London: Imperial College.

Gubbay, S. 1989. Using sites of special scientific interest to conserve seashores for their marine biological interest. A report for the World Wide Fund for Nature from the Marine Conservation Society, London, England.

Gubby, Susan. 1995a. Marine Protected Areas- past, present and future In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and techniques for management. Edited by Susan Gubby. London: Chapman & Hall.

Gubbay, S., ed. 1995b. Marine Protected Areas: Principles and Techniques for Management. London: Chapman and Hall, London.

Hardjosentono, P., F. Hehuwat, and B. Soemarmo. 1982. In National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society, Proc. of the World Congress on National Parks, Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982. Ed. J.A. McNeely, and K.R. Miller. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Iacobelli, T., K. Kavanaugh and S. Rowe. nd. A Protected Areas Gap Analysis Methodology: Planning for the conservation of biodiversity. WWF Canada Discussion Paper. Toronto: WWF.

IUCN. 1994. Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Johannes, R.E. 1984. Traditional conservation methods and protected marine areas in Oceania. In National Parks, Conservation and Development. Edited by J. McNeely and K. Miller. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press: 344-347.

Jones, P.J. 1995. A review and analysis of the objectives of marine nature reserves. Ocean and Coastal Management 24: 149-178.

Kaza, Stephanie. 1995. Marine education and interpretation. In Marine Protected Areas: principles and techniques for management. Edited by Susan Gubby. London: Chapman & Hall.

Kelleher, G. 1993. The Contribution of Marine Protected Areas to the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity. Townsville, Australia: The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

Kelleher, G. and C. Bleakley. 1992. Conservation of Global Marine Biodiversity: The Role of Marine Protected Areas. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Kelleher, G. and C, Bleakley. 1994. Coastal marine protected areas. In Protecting Nature: Regional reviews of protected areas. Edited by McNeeley, Harrison, Dingwall. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Kelleher, G. and R. Kenchington. 1990 Draft Policy For Marine Conservation and Guidelines for the Establishment of Marine Protected Areas. In Marine Ecological Areas In Canada: Perspectives of the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas Task Force on Marine Protected Areas. Canada: CCEA.

Kelleher, G. and R.A. Kenchington. 1991. Guidelines for Establishing Marine Protected Areas. Townsville, Australia: The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and IUCN.

Kenchington, R.A. and E.T. Hudson. 1984. Coral Reef Management Handbook. Paris, France: UNESCO.

Kenchington, Richard. 1990. Managing Marine Environments. New York: Taylor & Francis.

Laffoley, Dan. 1995. Techniques for managing marine protected areas: zoning. In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and techniques for management. Edited by Susan Gubby. London: Chapman & Hall.

Lemay, M.H. 1987. Common priorities for managing marine protected areas: results of an international seminar. Coastal Zone 87: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Seattle, May 26-29, 1987. Edited by Orville Magoon. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.

MacKinnon, J., K. MacKinnon, G. Child, and J. Thorsell. 1986. Managing Protected Areas in the Tropics. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

McAllister, D.E. 1995. Offshore and deep sea marine reserves and parks: a major gap in the protected areas network. Sea Wind: Bulletin of Ocean Voice International 9(3).

McCloskey, M. 1996. MPA Problems and Solutions for the High Seas (International and Non-Coastal Waters). Paper presented at the IUCN World Conservation Congress, 13-23 October, 1996, Canada.

McManus, J.W. 1994. The Spratly Islands: a marine park? Ambio 23(3):181-186.

McNeely, J.A., J. Harrison and P. Dingwall, eds. 1994. Protecting Nature: Regional reviews of protected areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Milewski, I.A. 1995. Marine biodiversity: shaping a policy framework. Natural Areas Journal 15(1): 61-67.

Murray, M. 1998. The Status of Marine Protected Areas in Puget Sound. Puget Sound/Georgia Basin Environmental Report Series: Number 8. Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team. Olympia, WA.

Norse, Elliot A., ed. 1993. Global Marine Biodiversity: A strategy for Building Conservation Into Decision Making. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Noss, R. 1995. Maintaining Ecological Integrity in Representative Reserve Networks. World Wildlife Fund Canada/World Wildlife Fund United States Discussion Paper. Washington, D.C: Island Press.

OíNeill, B. 1993. Alternative support for protected areas in an age of deficits. Oceanus 36(3): 49-52.

Organization of American States, and US Park Service. 1988. Inventory of Caribbean Marine and Coastal Protected Areas. Washington, DC: OAS/USNPS.

Pain, J.R. 1991. IUCN Directory of Protected Areas in Oceania. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Peet, Gerard. 1990. Protection of Vulnerable Areas In Different Geographical and Ecological Situations. In Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Protection of Sensitive Areas. Preliminary Edition. Malmo, Sweden: International Maritime Organization.

Pernetta, J. 1993. Marine Protected Area Needs in the South Asian Seas Region: Vols. 1-5. IUCN Marine Conservation and Development Reports, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Polunin, 1983. N. Marine genetic resources and the potential role of protected areas in conserving them. Environmental Conservation 10(l):31-41.

Ratcliffe, D.A. 1971. Criteria for the selection of nature reserves. Advancement of Science, London, 27: 294-296.

Potter, F., ed. 1993. National Marine Sanctuaries: Challenge and Opportunity. Washington, DC: Center for Marine Conservation.

Ray, Carleton G. 1976. Critical Marine Habitats: Definition, Description, Criteria and Guidelines for Identification and Management. In Proceedings of an International Conference on Marine Parks and Reserves. Tokyo, Japan, May 12-14, 1975. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN Publications, No. 37.

Ray, G. C. 1988. Ecological diversity in coastal zones and oceans. In Biodiversity. Edited by E.O. Wilson, and P.M. Frances. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Ray, G.C., J.A. Dobbin, and R.V. Salm. 1978. Strategies for Protecting Marine Mammal Habitats. Oceanus 21(2): 55-67.

Ray, G. C. and J.F. Grassle. 1991. Marine biological diversity: a scientific program to help conserve marine biological diversity is urgently required. Bioscience 41(7): 453-457.

Robinson, B.H. 1993. New technologies for sanctuary research. Oceanus 36(3): 75-80.

Salm, R.V. 1984. Ecological boundaries for coral reef preserves: principles and guidelines. Env. Cons. 11(3):209-215.

Salm, R.V. and A.H. Robinson. 1982. Moorings for marine parks: design and placement. Parks 7(2):21-23.

Salm, Rod and Andrew Price. 1995. Selection of Marine Protected Areas. In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and techniques for management. Edited by Susan Gubby. London: Chapman & Hall.

Salm, Rodney and John Clark. 1984. Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A Guide For Planners and Managers. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Shackell, N.L. and J.H.M. Willison, eds. 1995. Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Proceedings of the Symposium on Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries conducted at the Second International Conference on Science and the Management of Protected Areas held at Dalhousie, Halifax, Nova Scotia, May 16-20, 1994. Wolfville: Science and Management of Protected Areas Association.

Shulman, S. 1994. Underwater wildlife sanctuaries. Technology Review 97(8).

Silva, M.E., E.N. Gately and I. Desilvestre. 1986. A Bibliographic Listing of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas: A Global Survey. Woods Hole, MA: Marine Policy and Ocean Management Centre, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Sobel, Jack. 1993. Conserving Biological Diversity Through Marine Protected Areas: A Global Challenge. Oceanus 36(3): 22-23.

Sobel, J. 1996. Marine Reserves: Necessary tools for biodiversity conservation? Canadian Museum of Nature 6(1): 8-18.

Salm, R.V. 1984. Ecological boundaries for coral reef preserves: principles and guidelines. Env. Cons. 11(3):209-215.

Soulé, M.E. and D. Simberloff. 1986. What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of nature reserves? Biological Conservation 35: 19-40.

Stenick, Robert S. 1995. A Framework For Protecting Regionally Significant Habitats: Environmental Science Considerations. In Improving Interactions Between Coastal Science and Policy: Proceedings of the Gulf of Maine Symposium. Kennebunkport, ME November 1-3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Thorne-Miller, B. and J. Catena. 1991. The Living Ocean: Understanding and protecting marine biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Ticco, P.C. 1995a. An analysis of the use of marine protected areas to preserve and enhance marine biological diversity-A case study approach. Ph.D. Dissertation. Newark, DE: U. Delaware.

Ticco, P.C. 1995b. The use of marine protected areas to preserve and enhance marine biological diversity: a case study approach. Coastal Management 23: 309-314.

Tisdell, C. and J.M. Broadus. 1989. Policy issues related to the establishment and management of marine reserves. Coastal Management 17: 41-45.

Van Dyke, J.M. 1991. Protected Marine Areas and Low-Lying Atolls. Ocean and Shoreline Managemen 16(2): 87-160.t

van't Hof. 1985. Saba Marine Park: a proposal for integrated marine resource management in Saba. Netherlands Antilles National Parks Foundation (STINAPA).

Westing, A.H. 1994. Marine nature reserves: a fast-growing need. Environmental Awareness 17(1): 5-6.

White, A.T. Sumilon Marine Park. Sea Frontiers Nov-Dec: 371.

Wilcox, E.S. 1987. Marine park planing in the Third World. In Coastal Zone 87: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Seattle, May 26-29, 1987. Edited by O. Magoon, ed. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.

Wilson, E.O. 1993. The creation of ecosystems. The Diversity of Life. W.W. New York: Norton & Company.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). 1994. Guidelines for protected area management categories. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

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Legal Issues

Beuttler, T.M. 1995. Marine nature reserves in France: legal framework, management, and comparative notes for the U.S. Marine Sanctuary Program. Coastal Management 22: 1-24.

Boyle, A. 1994. The Rio Convention on Biological Diversity. In International Law and the Conservation of Biological Diversity. Ed. Redgwell and Bowman. Kluwer Law International.

Clingan, T.A. 1992. The Law of the Sea Convention: International Obligations and Stewardship Responsibilities of Coastal Nations. Ocean and Coastal Management 17:201-215.

de Klemm, C. 1993. Biological Diversity and the Law: Legal mechanisms for conserving species and ecosystems. Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 29. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Epting, J. 1981. National Marine Sanctuaries Program: Balancing Resource Protection With Multiple Use. Houston Law Review 16(1):1-21.

Fontaubert, A.C., D.R. Downes, and T.S. Agardy. 1996. Biodiversity in the Seas: Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity in Marine and Coastal Habitats. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 32. The Centre for International Environmental Law, IUCN and World Wildlife Fund.

Freestone, David. 1990. Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife in the Caribbean--The 1990 Kingston Protocol to the Cartagena Convention. International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 5(4): 362-382.

Freestone, D. 1995. The conservation of marine ecosystems under International Law. In International Law and the Conservation of Biological Diversity. Edited by Redgwell and Bowman. Kluwer Law International.

French, G. 1990. Legal Mechanisms for Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment: Their Relationship to Particularly Sensitive Areas. Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Protection of Sensitive Sea Areas. Malmo, Sweden: IMO.

Gjerde, K. and D. Ong. 1995. Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Conservation: The International Legal framework. A WWF International Discussion Paper. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.

Gjerde, K. and Freestone D., eds. 1994. Particularly sensitive areas: An important environmental concept at a turning point. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 9(4).

Graham, R., N. Stalport, D. VanderZwaag, C. Lamson., M. Butler, and D. Boyle. 1992. The protection of special marine and coastal areas. In Canadian Ocean Law and Policy Edited by D. VanderZwaag. Toronto: Butterworths Canada Ltd..

Gubbay, S. 1993. Management of marine protected areas in the U.K.: lessons from statutory and voluntary approaches. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3(3): 269-280.

Kimball, L. 1996. The possibilities of international law for sustainable use of marine and coastal biodiversity. Paper presented at the IUCN World Conservation Congress, 13-23 October, 1996, Montreal, Canada.

Lauche, B.J. 1980. Guidelines for Protected Areas Legislation. IUCN-UNEP Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 16. Gland, Switzerland.

Lyster, S. 1985. International Wildlife Law. Cambridge, UK: Grotius publications.

Sutter, K. 1985. Marine and Estuarine Reserves. Environmental and Planning Law Journal 2(1):41-48.

Treves, T. 1994. The protection of the oceans in Agenda 21 and International Environmental Law. In The Environment After Rio: International Law and Economics. Edited by Campiglio, Pineschi, Sinisclaco, Treves. London: Graham & Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff.

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Community & Indigenous Involvement

Altman, J.C., A. Ginn and D.E. Smith. 1993. Existing and potential mechanisms for indigenous involvement in coastal zone resource management. Report to the Resource Assessment Commission, Australia.

Asava, W. 1994. Local fishing communities and marine protected areas in Kenya. Parks 4(1): 26-34.

Barchard, W.W. and Hildebrand, L.P. 1993. "Canada's Atlantic Coastal Action Program: A community-based approach to coastal management," In. Coastlines of Canada (ed. Hildebrand, L.P.). American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Buhat, Delma Y. 1994. Community-Based Coral Reef Management, San Salvador Island, Philippines. In Collaborative and Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs: Lessons From Experience. Edited by Alan White, Lynne Zeitlin Hale, Yves Renard and Lafcadio Cortesi. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.

Christie, Patrick, Alan White, and Delma Buhat. 1994. Community-Based Coral Reef Management on San Salvador Island, the Philippines. Society and Natural Resources 7:103-117.

Gubbay, S. 1986. Conservation of marine sites: A voluntary approach. Herefordshire, England: The Marine Conservation Society.

Gubbay, S. 1993. Management of marine protected areas in the U.K.: lessons from statutory and voluntary approaches. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3(3): 269-280.

Hackman, A. 1993. Inuit create a whale sanctuary. In The Law of the Mother: Protecting Indigenous Peoples in Protected Areas. Edited by E. Kemp. San Fransisco, CA: Sierra Club Books: 211-217.

Kaza, Stephanie. 1988. Community Involvement in Marine Protected Areas. Oceanus 31: 75-88.

Lees, A. 1994. Traditional ownership, development needs and protected areas in the Pacific. Parks 4(l):41-47

Wells, Susan and Alan T. White. 1995. Involving the Community. In Marine Protected Areas: principles and techniques for management. Edited by Susan Gubby. London: Chapman & Hall.

White, A.T., L.Z. Hale, I. Reynard and L. Cortesi. 1995. Collaborative and Community Based Management of Coral Reefs. West Hartford, CT: Kuniarian Press.

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International Issues and Global Initiatives

General

Allen, R. 1976. Urgent need: a global system of marine parks and reserves. Parks 1(3): 1-3.

Boyle, A. 1994. The Rio Convention on Biological Diversity. In International Law and the Conservation of Biological Diversity. Ed. Redgwell and Bowman. Kluwer Law International.

Brody, Sam. 1996a. Marine Protected in the Gulf of Maine: Building A Framework for an Ecosystem Approach to Management. Master's Thesis. Augusta, Maine: Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment.

Brody, Sam. 1996b. Marine Protected Areas in the Gulf of Maine: A Survey of Marine Users and Other Interested Parties. Augusta, Maine: Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment.

Brody, Sam. 1997. Marine Protected Areas In the Gulf of Maine: A Report on the Results of a Workshop. April 24-25, Freeport, Maine. Augusta, Maine: Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment.

Clingan, T.A. 1992. The Law of the Sea Convention: International Obligations and Stewardship Responsibilities of Coastal Nations. Ocean and Coastal Management 17:201-215.

Gjerde, K. and D. Ong. 1995. Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Conservation: The International Legal framework. A WWF International Discussion Paper. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.

International Maritime Organization (IMO). 1994. Report to the commission on sustainable development in the fulfillment of General Assembly resolution 47/191 adopted on 22 December 1992. IMO.

IUCN. 1972. The Ramsar Convention. Gland, Switzerland.

IUCN. 1976. Proceedings of An International Conference on Marine Parks and Reserves, Tokyo, May 12-14, 1975. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Publications No. 37.

IUCN. 1991. A Framework for the Classification of Terrestrial and Marine Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

IUCN. 1992. Caracas Action Plan. In Plenary Session and Symposium Papers of IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, Venezuela, February 10-12, 1992. Gland, Switzerland : IUCN.

IUCN. 1996. A User Friendly Guide to the Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity. Washington, DC: BIONET.

Kelleher, G.and C. Bleakley. 1992. Conservation of Global Marine Biodiversity: The Role of Marine Protected Areas. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Kelleher, G., C. Bleakley and S. Wells, eds. 1995. A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. 4 Volumes. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

McCloskey, M. 1996. MPA Problems and Solutions for the High Seas (International and Non-Coastal Waters). Paper presented at the IUCN World Conservation Congress, 13-23 October, 1996, Canada.

Miller, Beverly A. 1990. The UNEP Regional Seas Programme (The Caribbean Environment Programme) and Actions To Protect Vulnerable Areas In The Wider Caribbean. In Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Protection of Sensitive Areas. Preliminary Edition. Malmo, Sweden: International Maritime Organization.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1991. Report on the International Meeting on Wild Ocean Reserves. October 1991. Hawaii: NOAA.

Sobel, Jack. 1993. Conserving Biological Diversity Through Marine Protected Areas: A Global Challenge. Oceanus 36(3): 22-23.

UNESCO. 1981. Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage: Adopted by the General Conference at its 17th session. 16 November, 1972. Paris.

United Nations Environment Programme. 1986. Protocol Concerning Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas. Coordinating Unit for the Mediterranean Action Plan, Tunis, Tunisia.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1987. Guidelines for the selection, establishment, management and notification of information on marine and coastal protected areas in the Mediterranean. Tunis, Tunisia: Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas.

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World Heritage Convention

Glissant, E., ed. 1988. An idea in action: The World Heritage Convention and how it works. The Courier. August: 34-38.

Nelson, J.G. and E.A. Alder, eds. 1993. Towards a Greater Understanding and Use of The World Heritage Convention. Occasional Paper #22. Waterloo, Ontario: Heritage resource centre, University of Waterloo.

UNESCO. 1980. The World Heritage Convention. Paris, France.

World Heritage Committee. 1986. Monitoring the status of conservation of properties included in the lit of world heritage in danger (natural properties). World Heritage Committee, 10th Session, 18 November, 1986. Paris.

Yurick, D.B. 1988. International networking of marine sanctuaries. Oceanus 31(l):82-87.

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Biosphere Reserve Program

Agardy, M.T. 1990. Draft Guidelines For Biosphere Reserve Planning. In Marine Ecological Areas In Canada: Perspectives of the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas Task Force on Marine Protected Areas. Edited by R. Graham. Ottawa: CCEA: 45-62.

Agardy, T. 1992. Guidelines for Coastal Biosphere Reserves. In Proc. of the Workshop on the Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Areas, 14-20 August, 1989, Ed. S. Humphrey. San Francisco, CA, USA: IUCN Marine Conservation and Development Report Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Agardy, Tundi. 1995. Critical Area Identification and Zoning In Coastal Biosphere Reserves: One Way To Make Marine Conservation Work In Canada. In Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Edited by Nancy Shackell and J.H. Willison. Wolfville, Nova Scotia: Science and Management of Protected Areas Association.

Agardy, Tundi and James Broadus. 1987. Coastal and Marine Biosphere Reserve Nominations in the Acadian Boreal Region: Results Of A Cooperative Effort Between the U.S. and Canada. In Proceedings of the Symposium On Biosphere Reserves, Fourth World Wilderness Congress, 14-17 Sept 1987, Estes Park, CO Edited by W. Greff, S. Krugman, and J. Wood. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Science Publications Office.

Batisse, M. 1982. The Biosphere Reserve: A tool for environmental conservation and management. Environmental Conservation 9(2): 101-111.

Batisse, M. 1985. Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves. Environmental Conservation 17(2):111-116.

Batisse, M. 1986. Developing and focusing the biosphere reserve concept. Nature and Resources 22(3): 2-11.

Batisse, M. 1989. Development and implementation of the biosphere reserve concept in coastal areas. Proc. of the Workshop on Coastal Biosphere Reserves, 14-20 August 1989, San Francisco, CA: UNESCO.

Batisse, Michel. 1990. Development and Implementation of the Biosphere Reserve Concept and Its Applicability to Coastal Regions. Environmental Conservation 17(2): 111-116.

Brunckhorst, D.J., ed. 1994. Marine Protected Areas and Biosphere Reserves: ëTowards a New Paradigmí. Proceedings of a workshop hosted by the Australian Nature Conservation Agency and supported by UNESCO. Canberra: Australian Nature Conservancy publication.

Castaneda, P.G. 1989. Zoning of the Puerto Galera Biosphere Reserve In Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Marine Areas. Papers presented at the UNESCO/IUCN Workshop. August 14-20 San Fransisco: UNESCO/IUCN.

Castilla, J.C. 1989. Latin America: Marine Realm and the Biosphere Reserve Concept. Santiago, Chile: P. Universidad Catolica de Chile.

Clark, J.R. 1991. Management of coastal barrier biosphere reserves. Bioscience 41(5): 331-336.

Diegues, A.C. 1989. Application of the biosphere reserve concept to coastal and marine areas: Case Study #8. Proceedings of the Workshop on Coastal Biosphere Reserves, 14-20 Aug. 1989. San Francisco, CA: UNESCO.

Doumenge, F. 1989. Human interactions in coastal and marine areas: present day conflicts in coastal resource use. Proc. on the Workshop of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Areas, 14-20 August 1989, San Francisco, CA.

Dyer, M.I. and M.M. Holland. 1991. The Biosphere-Reserve Concept: Needs for a network design. Bioscience 41(5): 319-325.

Gregg, W. 1989. Draft guidelines for biosphere reserves and regional MAB programs in the U.S. Unpublished document, U.S. Park Service, Wash., DC.

Gregg, W. and M. Goigel. 1984. Putting the biosphere reserve concept into practice: The U.S. experience. In: Ecology in Practice, Part I. pp. 460-484. Paris: UNESCO and Dublin: Tycooly International Publications Limited.

IUCN. 1989. Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal and Marine Areas. Gland, Switzerland : IUCN.

Kelleher, G. and R.A. Kenchington. 1989. Political and social dynamics for establishing marine protected areas. Applications of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Applications of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Marine Areas. August 14-20. Gland Switzerland: IUCN.

Kellert, S.R. 1986. Public Understanding and Appreciation of the Biosphere Reserve Concept. Environmental Conservation 13(2): 101-105.

Kenchington, Richard and T. Agardy. 1990. Achieving Marine Conservation Through Biosphere Reserve Planning and Management. Environmental Conservation 17(1): 39-44.

Kenchington, R.A., T. Agardy, J. Dobbin, N. Foster, A. Hanson, J.M. Broadus, F. Gable and A.G. Gaines. 1990. Marine Conservation and Biosphere Reserves. In Marine Ecological Areas In Canada: Perspectives of the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas Task Force on Marine Protected Areas. Canada: CCEA.

Linden, 0. 1989. Oceanographic features of importance for coastal marine biosphere reserves. UNESCO/IUCN Workshop on the Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Marine Areas. San Francisco, CA: UNESCO/IUCN, August 14-20.

Lubchenco, J. et al. 1991. The Sustainable Biosphere Initiative: an ecological research agenda. Ecology 72: 371-412.

MAB. 1987. National Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves in Canada. Canada/MAB. Canadian Commission for UNESCO, Report 19.

Maldague, M. 1984. The biosphere reserve concept: Its implementation and its potential as a tool for integrated development. In: Ecology in Practice, Part I. Paris: UNESCO and Dublin: Tycooly International Publications Limited.

Miller, K. 1983. Biosphere reserves in concept and practice. In Towards the Biosphere Reserve: Exploring the relationship between parks and adjacent lands. Denver, Colorado: National Park Service.

Price, A.R.G. and S.L. Humphrey, eds. 1993. Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Marine Areas. A Marine Conservation and Development Report. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Ray, G.C. and G.M. McCormick-Ray. 1989. Coastal and marine biosphere reserves. Proceedings on The Symposium on Biosphere Reserves. Fourth World Wilderness Congress. Edited by Gregg et al. 14-17 September, Estes Park, Colorado. Washington, DC: US MAB.

Robertson-Vernhes, J. 1989. Biosphere Reserves: the beginnings, the present, and future challenges. In Proc of the Symp. on Biosphere Reserves. Ed. : W. Gregg. Fourth World Wilderness Congress, 14-17 Sept. 1987, Estes Park, CO, USA.

Salm, R.V. and J.A. Dobbin. 1989. Management and administration of marine protected areas. In Proc. of the Workshop in the Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Areas, 14-20 August 1989, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Shelton, N. 1988. Progress of the Biosphere Reserve Program. Ambio 17(2): 155-157.

Towle, E.L. and C.S. Rogers. 1989. Case study on the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve. UNESCO/IUCN Workshop on the Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Marine Areas, 14-20 Aug 1989. San Francisco, CA: UNESCO.

U.S. MAB Coordinating Committee for Biosphere Reserves. 1990. Bibliography on the International Network of Biosphere Reserves. Washington, D.C: Department of State.

U.S. Man and Biosphere Program. 1981. Interim Guidelines for Identification and Selection of Coastal Biosphere Reserves. Washington, DC: U.S. MAB.

UNESCO. 1974. Task Force on Criteria and Guidelines for the Choice and Establishment of Biosphere Reserves. MAB Report Series, No.2.

UNESCO. 1984. Action plan for biosphere reserves. Nature and Resources 20(4): 11-22.

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 1996. Biosphere Reserves: The Seville strategy and statutory framework for the world network. Paris, France: UNESCO.

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Fisheries Issues

Agardy, T. 1993. Closed areas: a tool to complement other forms of fisheries management. In A Guidebook to Managing Fisheries Through Limited Access. Ed. K. Gimbel. Center for Marine Conservation and World Wildlife Fund: Washington, DC.: 197-204.

Alcala, Angel. 1988. Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs. Ambio 17(3): 194-199.

Alcala, A.C. and G.R. Russ. 1990. A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. Journal du Conseil 47(l):40-47.

Armstrong, D.A., T.C. Wainwright, G.C. Jensen, P.A. Dinnel and H.B. Andersen. 1993. Taking refuge from bycatch issues: red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and trawl fisheries in the Eastern Bering Sea. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50: 1993-2000.

Attwood, C.A. and B.A. Bennett. 1994. Variation in dispersal of galjoen (Coracinus capensis) from a marine reserve. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 1247-1257.

Auster, P. 1996. The role of MPAs in sustainable fisheries and maintenance of biodiversity. Paper presented at the IUCN World Conservation Congress, 13-23 October, Montreal, Canada.

Auster, Peter and Nancy Shackell. 1996. Fishery Reserves: A Tool For Managing Groundfisheries. In Northwest Atlantic Groundfish: Problems and Prospects of Fisheries in Crisis. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. In press.

Auster, Peter, R. Malatesta, R. Langton, L. Watling, P. Valentine, C. Donaldson, E. Langton, A. Shepard and I. Babb. 1996. The Impacts of Mobile Fishing Gear on Seafloor Habitats in the Gulf of Maine. Reviews in Fisheries Science 4(2): 185-202.

Bell, J.D. 1983. Effects of depth and marine reserve fishing restrictions on the structure of a rocky reef fish assemblage in the north-western Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 357-369.

Bohnsack, J.A. 1990. The Potential of Marine Fishery Reserves for Reef Fish Management In the U.S. Southern Atlantic. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-261.

Bohnsack, J.A. 1993. Marine reserves: They enhance fisheries, reduce conflicts, and protect resources. Oceanus 36(3): 63-71.

Buxton, C.D. and M.J. Smale. 1989. Abundance and distribution patterns of three temperate marine reef fish (Teleostei: Sparidae) in exploited and unexploited areas off the Southern Cape coast. Journal of Applied Ecology 26: 441-451.

Caddy, J. F. 1990. The protection of sensitive sea areas: a perspective on the conservation of critical marine habitats of importance to marine fisheries. In: Proc. of the International Seminar on the Protection of Sensitive Sea Areas: Malmo, Sweden, IMO: 17-29.

Carr, M.H. and D.C. Reed. 1993. Conceptual issues relevant to marine harvest refuges: Examples from temperate reef fisheries. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 2019-2028.

Clark, C.W. 1996. Marine reserves and the precautionary management of fisheries. Ecological Applications 6(2): 369-370.

Clark, C.W., T. Lauck, and G.R. Munro, G.R. n.d. Managing uncertain fishery resources: The case for fully protected marine reserves. In press.

Cole, R.G. 1994. Abundance, size structure, and diver-oriented behavior of three large benthic carnivorous fishes in a marine reserve in Northeastern New Zealand. Biological Conservation 70: 93-99.

Cole, R.G., T.M. Ayling, and R.G. Creese. 1990. Effects of marine reserve protection at Goat Island, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 24: 197-210.

Davis, G.E. 1989. Designated harvest refugia: The next stage of marine fishery management in California. CalCOF1 Rep.: 30.

Davis, G.E. and J.W. Dodrill. 1989. Marine parks and sanctuaries for spiny lobster Fisheries management. Proc. of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute 32:197-207.

Davis, G.E., S.C. Jameson and Dugan, J.E. 1991. Potential benefits of harvest refugia in Channel Islands National Park and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. In. Coastal Zone 91 -- Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Long Beach California, July 8-12, 1991. Ed. Orville Magoon, et al. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers., pp. 2962-2972.

Djohani, R.H. 1994. Patterns of spatial distribution, diversity and cover of corals in Palau Seribu National Park: implications for the design of core coral sanctuaries. Proc. of the Third IOC-WESTPAC Conference on the 'Sustainability of Marine Environment' 22-26 Nov 1994, Bali, Indonesia.

Dugan, J. E. and Gary E. Davis. 1993a. Applications of Marine Refugia to Coastal Fisheries Management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 50: 2029-2042.

Dugan, J.E. and G.E. Davis. 1993b. Introduction to the international symposium on marine harvest refugia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 50(9): 1990-1993.

Dugan, J.E. and J.C. Castilla. 1989. Variation and persistence of the middle rocky intertidal community of central Chile, with and without human harvesting. Marine Biology 103(4): 555-562.

Eldredge, M. 1994. The last wild place: marine reserves and reef fish. Washington, DC: Center for Marine Conservation.

Francour, P. 1994. Pluriannual analysis of the reserve effect on icthyofauna in the Scandola Nature Reserve (Corsica, northern-occidental Mediterranean). Oceanolica Acta 17(3): 309-317.

Gitschlag, G.R. 1986. Movement of pink shrimp in relation to the Tortugas Sanctuary. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6: 326-338.

Gubbay, S. 1996. Marine refuges: the next step for nature conservation and fisheries management in the north-east Atlantic. Report to WWF (UK).

Halliday, R.G. 1988. Use of seasonal spawning area closures in the management of haddock fisheries in the northwest Atlantic. NAFO Science Council Studies 12: 27-36.

Holloway, Marguerite. 1991. Hol Chan: Marine parks benefit commercial fisheries. Scientific American. 264: 32.

James, M.K., I.J. Dight, and J.C. Day. 1990. Application of larval dispersal models to zoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Proc. of PACON 90, 1620 July 1990 Tokyo.

Klima, E.F., Matthews, G.A. and Patella, F.J. 1986. Synopsis of the Tortugas shrimp fishery, 1960-1983, and the impact of the Tortugas Sanctuary. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:301-310.

Klima, E.F., T.W. Roberts and A.C. Jones. 1986. Overview of the Tortugas Sanctuary studies. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:297-300.

MacDiarmid, A.B. and P.A. Breen. In press. Spiney lobster population changes in a marine reserve. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.

Matthews, K.R. and L.J. Richards. 1993. Rockfish (Scorpaenidae) assemblages of trawlable and untrawlable habitats off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11: 312-318.

McClanahan, T. 1989. Kenyan coral reef-associated gastropod fauna-a comparison between protected and unprotected reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 53:11-20.

Milewski, I. 1996. Fisheries Considerations for a Possible Marine Protected Area in the Gully. Report to World Wildlife Fund, Canada.

Miller, D. 1994. Learning from the Mexican Experience: Area apportionment as a potential strategy for limiting access and promoting conservation of the Florida lobster fishery. In Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation. Ed. K.Gimbel. Wash., DC: Center for Marine Conservation and World Wildlife Fund.

National Marine Fisheries Service 1990. (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). The potential of marine fishery reserves for reef fish management in the U.S. Southern Atlantic. NOAA Tech. Mem. 1990; NMFS-SEFC-261. SAFMC, Plan Development Team.

National Marine Fisheries Service. 1997. Framework for the Description, Identification, Conservation, and Enhancement of Essential Fish Habitat.

National Research Council (U.S.) Committee on Fisheries. 1994. Improving the Management of U.S. Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Odum, W.E. 1984. The relationship between protected coastal areas and marine fisheries genetic resources. In National Parks, Conservation and Development. Edited by J. McNeely and K. Miller. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press

Polacheck, Tom. 1990. Year Around Closed Areas As A Management Tool. Natural Resource Modeling 4(3): 327-355.

Polunin, 1983. N. Marine genetic resources and the potential role of protected areas in conserving them. Environmental Conservation 10(l):31-41.

Polunin, N.V.C. and C.M. Roberts. 1993. Greater biomass and value of target coral-reef fishes in two small Caribbean marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 100: 167-176.

Roberts, C.M. and N.V.C. Polunin. 1991. Are marine reserves effective in management of reef fisheries? Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 1: 65-91.

Roberts, C.M. and Nicholas Polunin. 1993. Marine Reserves: Simple Solutions to Managing Complex Fisheries? Ambio 22: 363-368.

Roberts, T.W. 1986. Abundance and distribution of pink shrimp in an around the Tortugas Sanctuary, 1981-1983. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6: 311-327.

Rowley, R.J. 1992. Impacts of marine reserves on fisheries: A report and review of the literature. Science & Research Series No. 51. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.

Rowley, R.J. 1994. Case Studies and Reviews: Marine reserves in fisheries management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4: 233-254.

Shepherd, S.A. and L.D. Brown. 1993. What is an abalone stock: implications for the role of refugia in conservation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50(9): 2001-2009.

Sobel, J. 1996. The Role of Marine Protected Areas in Sustainable Fisheries. Paper presented at the IUCN World Conservation Congress, 13-23 October, 1996, Montreal, Canada.

Somerton, D.A. and J. Jeffrey. 1984. A cost-benefit method of determining optimal closed fishing areas to reduce trawl catch of prohibited species. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41: 93-98.

Tegner, M.J. 1993. Southern California abalones: can stocks be rebuilt using marine harvest refugia? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50(9): 2010-2018.

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Economic Issues

Barzetti, V., ed. 1993. Parks and Progress: Protected Areas and Economic Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: IUCN.

Dixon, J.A. 1993a. Economic benefits of marine protected areas. Oceanus 36(3): 35-40.

Dixon, J.A. 1993b. Economic benefits of marine protected areas. Presented at the Eighth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. New Orleans, 19-23 July.

Dixon, J.A., L.F. Scura and T. van't Hof. 1993. Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean. Ambio 22(2-3): 117-125.

Dixon, J.A. and P.B. Sherman. 1990. Economics of Protected Areas: A New Look at Benefits and Costs. Washington: Island Press.

Dixon, J.A. and P.B. Sherman. 1991. Economics of protected areas. Ambio 20(2): 68-74.

Farrow, S. 1994. The economics of restricted access for marine protected areas. Mimeo. Cincinnati: Dames & Moore.

Geoghegan, T. 1994. Financing strategies for protected areas in the insular Caribbean. Parks 4(2): 28-38.

Hoagland, P., Y. Kaoru and J.M. Broadus. 1996 A methodological review of net benefit evaluation for marine reserves. World Bank Environment Dept., Pollution and Environmental Economics Division. Env. Econ. Ser.: 26.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 1996. Guidelines for Aid Agencies on Global and Regional Aspects of the Development and Protection of the Marine and Coastal Environment. Guidelines on Aid and Development, No. 8. Paris, France: OECD.

Post, J.C. 1994. The economic feasibility and ecological sustainability of the Bonaire Marine Park, Dutch Antilles. In Protected Area Economics and Policy. Ed. M. Munasinghe and J.McNeely. Washington, DC: World Bank and IUCN:333-338

van't Hof, T. 1986. The economic benefits of marine parks and protected areas in the Caribbean region. Washington: Sanctuary Programs Division, NOAA.

van't Hof, T. 1989. Making marine parks self-sufficient: the case of Saba. Mimeo. Saba, Netherlands Antilles.

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Tourism

Agardy, M.T. 1990. Integrating Tourism in Multiple Use Planning for Coastal and Marine Protected Areas. Proceedings of the 1990 Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism. Honolulu, HI: NCRI, May 25-31: 204-210.

Agardy, T. 1993. Accommodating ecotourism in multiple use marine reserves. Ocean and Coastal Management. 20: 219-239.

Belleville, B. 1992. Diver-funded marine parks protect reefs and tourism. Rodales Scuba Diving Nov./Dec.: 36-38.

Boo, E. 1990. Ecotourism: Potentials and Pitfalls. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund.

Cousins, K. 1991. Ecotourism-Examples from the United States Coastal management Programs and marine and estuarine parks. Coastal Zone '91:16021610.

Dobuas, R.J. and S. Bunpapong. 1990. Turn of the Tide: Making Tourism Work for Marine Park Conservation. Proceedings of the 1990 Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism. Honolulu, HI: NCRI, May 25-31: 175-179.

Holthus, P.F. and P. Thomas. 1990. Marine Protected Areas and Tourism Development in the South Pacific Region. Proceedings of the 1990 Congress on Coastal and Marine Toursim. Newport, OR: NCRI, May 25-31.

Kenchington, Richard. 1991. Tourism Development In the Great Barrier Reef MarinePark. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15: 57-78.

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Region Specific

General

Alcala, Angel. 1988. Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs. Ambio 17(3): 194-199.

Asava, W. 1994. Local fishing communities and marine protected areas in Kenya. Parks 4(1): 26-34.

Beuttler, T.M. 1995. Marine nature reserves in France: legal framework, management, and comparative notes for the U.S. Marine Sanctuary Program. Coastal Management 22: 1-24.

Broadus, J.M. 1985. A special marine reserve for the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of Coastal Zone '85.

Castilla, J.C. 1989. Latin America: Marine Realm and the Biosphere Reserve Concept. Santiago, Chile: P. Universidad Catolica de Chile.

Christie, Patrick, Alan White, and Delma Buhat. 1994. Community-Based Coral Reef Management on San Salvador Island, the Philippines. Society and Natural Resources 7:103-117.

Gubbay, S. 1993. Management of marine protected areas in the U.K.: lessons from statutory and voluntary approaches. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3(3): 269-280.

International Commission on Exploration of the Sea [ICES]. 1994. Scientific criteria for the establishment of undisturbed areas in the North Sea for scientific purposes. Joint Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery management and the Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 203.

Kenchington, R.A. 1989. Planning for the Galapagos marine resources reserve. Ocean and Shoreline Management 12: 47-59.

Looi, Ch'ng Kim. 1990. National Marine Parks Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dept. of Fisheries.

Mossman, R. 1987. Managing protected areas in the South Pacific: A training manual. SPREP/IUCN/NPS International Affairs joint publication.

Raines, P.S., J.M. Ridley and D. McCorry. 1992. The role of coral cay conservation in marine resource management in Belize. Presented at the World Parks Congress Workshops, 3-10 February 1992, Caracas, Venezuela.

Robinson, A., N. Polunin, K. Kvalvagnaes, and M. Halim. 1981. Progress in Creating a Marine Reserve System in Indonesia. Bulletin of Marine Science 31(3): 774-785.

Salm, R. 1996. Marine Protected Areas Issues and Solutions in the Western Indian Ocean. Paper presented at the IUCN World Conservation Congress, 13-23 October, 1996, Montreal, Canada: IUCN.

White, A.T. 1986. Marine Reserves: How Effective As Management Strategies for Phillipine, Indonesian and Malaysian Coral Reef Environments? Ocean Management 10: 153.

White, A.T. 1988. Marine Parks and Reserves: Management for Coastal Environments in Southeast Asia. Manila, Philippines: International Center for Living Aquatics Resources Management.

White, A.T. and V. P. Palaganas. 1991. Philippine Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park: status, management issues, and proposed plan. Env. Cons. 18(2): 148-157;136.

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Gulf of Maine

Brody, Sam. 1996a. Marine Protected Areas in the Gulf of Maine: A Survey of Marine Users and Other Interested Parties. Augusta, Maine: Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment.

Brody, Sam. 1996b. Marine Protected in the Gulf of Maine: Building A Framework for an Ecosystem Approach to Management. Master's Thesis. Augusta, Maine: Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment.

Brody, Sam. 1997. Marine Protected Areas In the Gulf of Maine: A Report on the Results of a Workshop. April 24-25, Freeport, Maine. Augusta, Maine: Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment.

Halliday, R.G. 1988. Use of seasonal spawning area closures in the management of haddock fisheries in the northwest Atlantic. NAFO Science Council Studies 12: 27-36.

McGarvy, R. and J.H.M. Willison. 1995. Rationale for a marine protected area along the boundary between U.S. and Canadian waters in the Gulf of Maine. In Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Edited by N. Shackell and J.H.M. Willison. Wolfville, Nova Scotia: Science and Management of Protected Areas Association.

National Marine Fisheries Service. 1997. Framework for the Description, Identification, Conservation, and Enhancement of Essential Fish Habitat.

Quintrell, J., and Gro Flatebo. 1995. Marine Protected Areas. In Options for Managing Maine's Near Shore Ecosystems. Augusta, ME: Maine State Planning Office.

Regionally Significant Terrestrial and Marine Habitat Issue Group. 1995. Issue Group Summary. In Improving Interactions Between Coastal Science and Policy: Proceedings of the Gulf of Maine Symposium. Kennebunkport, ME November 1-3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Waterman, Melissa. 1995. Marine Protected Areas in the Gulf of Maine. Natural Areas Journal, 15(1): 43-49.

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Canada

Archipelago Management Board. 1993. Public Planning Program, Purpose and Objectives Statement, Newsletter No. 1. Gwaii Haanas Haida Heritage Site and National Park Reserve.

Beckmann, L. 1996. Seas the Day: Towards a National Marine Conservation Strategy for Canada. Report prepared for the National Marine Conservation Strategy Programme.

Bird, C. 1995. NMCA establishment in people's backyards. In. Proceedings of National Marine Conservation Areas Workshop held March 13-17, 1995, Dunsmuir Lodge, Sidney, B.C. Edited by Quadra Planning Consultants Ltd. for Workshop Steering Committee.

British Columbia, Government of. 1993. A Protected Areas Strategy for British Columbia. Victoria.

Brody, S. 1996. Marine Protected Areas in the Gulf of Maine: A Survey of Marine Users and Other Interested Parties. Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment, Augusta.

Bryant, S, Waters, J., and J. Huntington. 1995. Summary Report: Toward Establishing Marine Conservation Areas in Newfoundland and Labrador. Protected Areas Association of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NF.

Canadian Heritage - Parks Canada. 1994a. Action Plan for Establishing New National Marine Conservation Areas. Draft 3, September 19, 1994.

Canadian Heritage - Parks Canada. 1994b. National Marine Conservation Area Policy. In. Guiding Principles and Operational Policies. Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa. pp. 43-61.

Canadian Heritage - Parks Canada. 1995a. Sea to Sea to Sea: Canada's National Marine Conservation System Plan. Written by Mercier, F. and Mondor, C., Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa.

Canadian Heritage - Parks Canada. 1995b. Proceedings of National Marine Conservation Areas Workshop held March 13-17, 1995, Dunsmuir Lodge, Sidney, B.C. Edited by Quadra Planning Consultants Ltd. for Workshop Steering Committee.

Dearden, P. 1995. Parks and Protected Areas. In. Resource and Environmental Management in Canada: Addressing Conflict and Uncertainty. (Ed. Bruce Mitchell) Oxford, Don Mills, pp. 236-258.

Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1996. Marine Protected Areas Workshop, January 31 - February 2, 1996, Toronto, Ontario. Notes compiled by M.J. Comfort, Marine Protected Areas Coordinator, February 9, 1996.

Environment Canada. 1987. National Marine Parks Policy. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada. 17 pp.

Environment Canada. 1992. Atlantic Region Management Plan for Marine Terns. August, 1992. Canadian Wildlife Service Atlantic Region, Sackville.

Environment Canada. 1994. RAMSAR Sites of Atlantic Canada. November, 1994, Canadian Wildlife Service Atlantic Region, Sackville.

Environment Canada. 1995. Potential Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network Sites for Shorebirds in Canada: Second Edition 1995. Technical Report Series No. 227, Canadian Wildlife Service, Hull.

Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, and Canadian Heritage. 1995. Protecting our Natural Heritage: Conservation Areas in Atlantic Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service Atlantic Region, Sackville.

Environment Canada and Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. 1994. Management Plan for the Western Hemispheric Shorebird Reserve and Ramsar Wetland of International Importance at Southern Bight, Minas Basin. Feburary, 1994. Canadian Wildlife Service Atlantic Region, Sackville.

Graham, R. (ed.) 1990. Marine Ecological Areas in Canada: Perspectives of the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas Task Force on Marine Protected Areas. Ocassional Paper No. 9. Canadian Council on Ecological Areas.

Graham, R., et al. 1992. The Protection of Special Marine and Coastal Areas. In. Canadian Ocean Law and Policy (Ed. VanderZwagg, D.). Butterworths Canada Ltd., Toronto.

Hamre, G.M. Challenges of establishing National Marine Conservation Areas in Northern Canada in Canadian Heritage - Parks Canada. Proceedings of National Marine Conservation Areas Workshop held March 13-17, 1995, Dunsmuir Lodge, Sidney, B.C. Edited by Quadra Planning Consultants Ltd. for Workshop Steering Committee.

Hardie, D. and F.R. Englehardt. 1987. Sensitive area assessment on Canada's frontier lands. in Coastal Zone 87: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Seattle, May 26-29, 1987. Edited by Orville Magoon. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.

MAB. 1987. National Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves in Canada. Canada/MAB. Canadian Commission for UNESCO, Report 19.

MacDonald, C. 1995. Constraints in Establishing National Marine Conservation Areas in Atlantic Canada: A Look for Answers, Including the Austrailian Experience. Unpublished report marine Affairs cource 5002, Dalhousie University.

MacKinnon, C.M., D.L. Amirault and R.J. Hicks. 1994. A Review of Federal Migratory Bird Sanctuaries in Southwestern Nova Scotia. Technical Report Series No. 206, Canadian Wildlife Service Atlantic Region, Sackville.

Marine Protected Areas Steering Committee and Working Group. 1995. Marine Protected Areas in British Columbia, November 27, 1995.

Mason, B.C. 1990. An Evaluation of Marine Protected Areas and Coastal Management in British Columbia. Research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Natural Resource Management, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.

McClellan, Stan. 1995. Challenges of managing and operating NMCAs Fathom Five National Marine Park in Canadian Heritage - Parks Canada. Proceedings of National Marine Conservation Areas Workshop held March 13-17, 1995, Dunsmuir Lodge, Sidney, B.C. Edited by Quadra Planning Consultants Ltd. for Workshop Steering Committee.

Meeuwig, J.J. and P.J. Ricketts. 1993. The Role of Coastal Parks in Facilitating Coastal Management in Nova Scotia, Canada. In. Coastlines of Canada. (Ed. Hildebrand, L.P.), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Meltzer Research and Consulting. March, 1997. Guidelines For Offshore Marine Protected Areas In Canada. Prepared for Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Ministry of the Environment (B.C.), Planning and Assessment Branch. 1989. Background Data Summary: Coastal Park System Plan. Prepared for Planning and Ecological Reserves, Ministry of Parks. Victoria, B.C.

Ministry of Lands, Parks and Housing. 1980. Underwater Parks in British Columbia: A Discussion Paper. Victoria: Province of British Columbia.

Mondor, C. 1987. Canada's policy for national marine parks. in Coastal Zone 87: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Seattle, May 26-29, 1987. (Ed. Magoon, O.) American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Nicholls, Brian. 1993. The Role of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Addressing Marine Coastal Zone Issues. In. Coastlines of Canada. (Ed. Hildebrand, L.P.), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Nicholls, Brian. 1996. Canadian East Coast Marine Protected Areas: A Review. Paper presented to Coastal Zone Canada '96 Conference, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada.

Paisley, R.K. 1992. Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in British Columbia - Options for the Future. Westwater Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

Protected Areas Association of Newfoundland and Labrador. 1996. The Future of Our Ocean: Investigations Into Establishing Marine Protected Areas in Newfoundland and Labrador - Final Report. March, 1996.

Quadra Planning Consultants Ltd. May 1996. Draft Discussion Paper: An Approach to the Establishment and Management of Marine Protected Areas Under the Canada Oceans Act. Paper prepared for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. West Vancouver, B.C.

Salasan Associates Inc., Regional Consulting Limited, and Quadra Planning Consultants Ltd. 1993. Towards a Coastal Resource Strategy. Coastal Resource Strategy Study Steering Committee, Victoria, B.C.

Salasan Associates Inc. 1995a. Marine Protecetd Areas Forum Report of Discussions. Cowichan Bay, British Columbia Fdecember 8-10, 1995. Sidney, B.C.

Salasan Associates Inc. 1995b. Overnight Report of Discussion Themes. Marine Protected Areas Forum, Cowichan Bay, B.C., December 8-10, 1995. Proceedings in press.

Wolfe, L.D.S. and B. Hartley (Quadra Planning Consultants Ltd.). December 1995. Discussion Paper for Workshop on Marine Protected Areas, Toronto, Canada, January 31-February 2, 1995. West Vancouver, B.C.

World Wildlife Fund. 1993. Marine Protected Areas in Canada: WWF Background Paper. Presented at the Workshop on Marine Protected Areas, Toronto, October 12, 1993, Royal York Hotel.

World Wildlife Fund. 1995. Endangered Spaces Report 95-96. WWF Canada.

Zurbrigg, E.J. 1996. Towards an Environment Canada Strategy for Coastal and Marine Protected Areas. Canadian Wildlfe Service, Hull.

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United States

Cousins, K. 1991. Ecotourism-Examples from the United States Coastal management Programs and marine and estuarine parks. Coastal Zone '91:16021610.

Croom, M.M. 1992. Site selection for U.S. Marine Sanctuaries. In. Organizing for the Coast: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of the Coastal Society held in Washington D.C. 5-8 April 1992, Edited by Maurice P. Lynch and Bland Crowder, 67-72.

Dobbin, J.A. and M.H. Lemay. 1986. Preparing management plans for U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries: a case study of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. In. Marine Parks and Conservation: Challenge and Promise. Edited by Jon Lien and Robert Graham. National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada. Vol. 2, 55-64.

Davis, Gary E. 1981. On the role of underwater parks and sanctuaries in the management of coastal resources in the southeastern United States Environmental Conservation, 8 (1): 67-70.

Ehler, C.N. 1994. Implementing an integrated, continuous management process for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Presented at the 3rd Annual Symposium of the Ocean Governance Study Group (9-13 April).

Epting, J. 1981. National Marine Sanctuaries Program: Balancing Resource Protection With Multiple Use. Houston Law Review 16(1):1-21.

Davis, G.E. 1989. Designated harvest refugia: The next stage of marine fishery management in California. CalCOF1 Rep.: 30.

Davis, G.E., S.C. Jameson and J.E. Dugan. 1991. Potential benefits of harvest refugia in Channel Islands National Park and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. In. Coastal Zone 91 -- Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Long Beach California, July 8-12, 1991. Ed. Orville Magoon, et al. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers., pp. 2962-2972.

Gitschlag, G.R. 1986. Movement of pink shrimp in relation to the Tortugas Sanctuary. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6: 326-338.

Green, S. 1986. The U.S. National Marine Sanctuary Program. In. Marine Parks and Conservation: Challenge and Promise. Ed. Lien, J. and Graham, R.. National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada. Vol. 2, 45-53.

Kaza, Stephanie. 1985. Education and Interpretation Plan for the Point Reyes-Farallon Island National Marine Sanctuary. Washington, DC: U.S. National Marine Sanctuary Program.

Klima, E.F., G.A. Matthews and F.J. Patella. 1986. Synopsis of the Tortugas shrimp fishery, 1960-1983, and the impact of the Tortugas Sanctuary. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:301-310.

Klima, E.F., T.W. Roberts and A.C. Jones. 1986. Overview of the Tortugas Sanctuary studies. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:297-300.

Miller, J.A. 1993. Dollars and Sense: In the Channel Islands, resource protection balances pleasure with economic gain. Marine Sanctuary 1 (1).

Moore, E. 1992. A Process for Site Description: The National Marine Sanctuary Program's Site Evaluation List. In. Organizing for the Coast: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of the Coastal Society held in Washington D.C. 5-8 April 1992. Ed. Lynch, M.P. and Crowder, B., pp. 73-77.

National Marine Fisheries Service. 1997. Framework for the Description, Identification, Conservation, and Enhancement of Essential Fish Habitat.

National Research Council (U.S.) Committee on Fisheries. 1994. Improving the Management of U.S. Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Reynolds, J. 1991. Commercial, Recreational Uses and Economic Benefits of Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary: A Preliminary Assessment. In. Coastal Zone 91 -- Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Long Beach California, July 8-12, 1991. Ed. Orville Magoon, et al. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.

Tegner, M.J. 1993. Southern California abalones: can stocks be rebuilt using marine harvest refugia? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50(9): 2010-2018.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, NOAA. 1994a. An Overview of the Sanctuaries and Reserves Division. Washington, DC: NOAA.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, NOAA. 1994b. National Marine Sanctuaries Program: Interim Strategic Plan. Washington, DC: NOAA.

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Caribbean

Barzetti, V., ed. 1993. Parks and Progress: Protected Areas and Economic Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: IUCN.

Dixon, J.A., L.F. Scura and T. van't Hof. 1993. Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean. Ambio 22(2-3): 117-125.

Freestone, D. Protection of Marine Species and Ecosystems in the Wider Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22(12): 579-581.

Geoghegan, T. 1994. Financing strategies for protected areas in the insular Caribbean. Parks 4(2): 28-38.

Heyman, A. 1988. Inventory of Caribbean marine and coastal protected areas. Washington: Office of International Affairs, U.S. National Park Service.

van't Hof, T. 1986. The economic benefits of marine parks and protected areas in the Caribbean region. Washington: Sanctuary Programs Division, NOAA.

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Mediterranean

IUCN. 1981. Principles, Criteria and Guidelines for the Selection, Establishment, and Management of Mediterranean Marine Coastal Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

United Nations Environment Programme. 1986. Protocol Concerning Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas. Coordinating Unit for the Mediterranean Action Plan, Tunis, Tunisia.

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Australia & the Great Barrier Reef

Alcock, D. 1992. Management of the Great Barrier Reef. Current 11(2): 31.

Craik, W. 1992. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Its Establishment, Development and Current Status. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25(5-8): 128.

Craik, Wendy. 1993. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park As A Model of Ecologically Sustainable Development. Paper presented at the EIA National Conference.

James, M.K., I.J. Dight, and J.C. Day. 1990. Application of larval dispersal models to zoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Proc. of PACON 90, 1620 July 1990 Tokyo.

Kelleher, G. 1986a. Managing the Great Barrier Reef. Oceanus 29(2): 18.

Kelleher, G. 1986b. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. In. Marine Parks & Conservation: Challenge and Promise. Vol. 2. (Eds. Lien, J. and Graham, R.). National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada.

Kelleher, G. 1990. Identification of the Great Barrier Reef region as a particularly sensitive area. In: Proc. of the International Seminar of the Protection of Sensitive Sea Areas: 170-179.

Kelleher, G. and R.A. Kenchington. 1986. Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Making Development Compatible With Conservation. Ambio 11(5): 262-267.

Kenchington, Richard. 1991. Tourism Development In the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15: 57-78.

Kriwoken, L.K. 1987. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: an assessment of zoning methodology for Australian marine and estuarine protected areas. Maritime Studies 36:12-21.

Kriwoken, L.K. 1991. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: intergovernmental relations. Marine Policy (September): 349-362.

Kriwoken, L.K. and M. Haward. 1991. Marine and estuarine protected areas in Tasmania, Australia: the complexities of policy development. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15: 143-163.

McNeill, S.E. 1994. The Selection and Design of Marine Protected Areas: Australia as a Case Study. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 586-605.

Ray, G.C. and M. Geraldine McCormick-Ray. 1992. Marine and Estuarine Protected Areas: A Strategy for a National Representative System Within Australian Coastal and Marine Environments. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia.

Zann, L.P. Marine conservation and protected areas. Our Sea, Our Future -- Major findings of the State of the Marine Environment Report for Australia. Townsville, Queensland: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, & Canberra: Ocean Rescue 2000 Program, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories.

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New Zealand

Ballantine, W.J. 1989. Marine Reserves: lessons from New Zealand. Progress in Underwater Science 13: 1-14.

Ballantine, W.J. 1991a. Marine Reserves for New Zealand. Leigh Laboratory, Bulletin No. 25. New Zealand: University of Auckland.

Ballantine, W.J. 1991b. Marine Reserves- the need for networks. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 25: 115-116.

Ballantine, W.J. and D.P. Gordon. 1979. New Zealand's First Marine Reserve, Cape Rodney to Okakari Point, Leigh. Biological Conservation 15: 277.

Cole, R.G. 1994. Abundance, size structure, and diver-oriented behavior of three large benthic carnivorous fishes in a marine reserve in Northeastern New Zealand.

Cole, R.G., T.M. Ayling, and R.G. Creese. 1990. Effects of marine reserve protection at Goat Island, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 24: 197-210.

Rowley, R.J. 1992. Impacts of marine reserves on fisheries: A report and review of the literature. Science & Research Series No. 51. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.

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Gulf of Maine Projects

1997 Marine Protected Areas Project

MPAs Bibliography

Introduction

How To Use This Bibliography

Adding A Citation

MPAs Bibliography Table of Contents

General

Legal Issues

Community & Indigenous Involvement

International Issues and Global Initiatives

General

World Heritage Convention

Biosphere Reserve Program

Fisheries Issues

Economic Issues

Tourism

Region Specific

General

Gulf of Maine

Canada

United States

Caribbean

Mediterranean

Australia & the Great Barrier Reef

New Zealand